A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.

A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments

B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition

1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.


Now read this text of Hortatory Exposition!

A Campaign of the Importance of Reading

Thesis:

Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of reading

Argument 1

Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.

Argument 2

Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.

Argument 3

A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.

Recommendation

Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.
Written by Cahyono KD



Read this text of Hortatory exposition!

Corruption
Thesis
(Announcement of issue concern)

Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

Argument 1

The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Argument 2

Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation

I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005


To make it clear, please remember the concept of Hortatory exposition below:

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Text Organization
A thesis
Arguments
Recommendation

Language Features:
•The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
•The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
•The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
•The use of compound and complex sentence
•The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
•The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

Sources:
Cahyono, Kristiawan Dwi and Eka Purnama.2006. Communicative Competence 2B: A course in Acquiring English Communicative Competence, For Senior High School Level, Grade XI Semester 2. Jombang: CV Karunia Agung

Sudarwati and Eudia Grace.2007. Look Ahead: An English Course for Senior High School Students Year XI, Science and Social Study Program. Jakarta: Erlangga
http://typeoftext.blogspot.com/2009/01/hortatory-exposition.html

Reports are used for many purposes. They are to provide information about natural and non-natural phenomena, to document, to organize and store factual information on a topic, to classify and describe the phenomena about a whole class of things –living and non living, to describe the way things are. Reports can be used in textbooks, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading books, reference books, classroom lesson, environment program, TV documentaries, magazines etc. a report text has its own generic structure. It has two components namely (1) general classification, (2) description.

Reports are principally not the same as descriptions although they can be used interchangeable.

A.Generic Structure of Report:

1.General Classification : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
2.Descriptions : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of: Parts (and their function), Qualities and Habits or behaviour

Notes:

1. Difference between reports and descriptions: Repots classify and describe a whole class of things e.g. “Houses”. By contrast, descriptive texts talk about on specific person, place or thing e.g. “My houses”. In short, reports deal with general classification and description of a thing while descriptions describe a particular thing.

2. The description can cover the facts about various aspects of the object (colour, shape, habits, behaviour etc), giving examples, comparing and contrasting, describing components and their functions.

B. Generic Features of Report

1. Report texts usually used Simple Present Tense, and seldom use past tenses (if the thing is extinct)
2. The language is neutral or should be objective: no expression of opinions, no reference to the reader (not using “I”, “we” or “you”).
3. Frequent use of “Passive Sentence”.
4. Use of “be”: is, am, are, was, were for the classification.
5. Use of verb “have”: have, has, had, in order to give detail description.
6. Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing behaviours.
7. Use of adjectives in describing especially the qualities.
8. Often accompanied by photos, diagrams, maps and illustrations.


Now read this text of Report!

What is Apiculture?


General Classification

Apiculture is also called a bee-farming, the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey. Royal jelly and bee pollen are the other products of it. There are many species of bee. Some of them are Apis Cerana, Apis Dorsata, Apis florae and Apis Malifera. Among those species, Apis Malifera is the most productive and the easiest to be cultivated.

Description

A bee colony consists of one queen, a lot of worker bees and some drones, stingless male bees in a colony of social bees (especially honeybees) whose sole function is to mate with the queen. Each group has its specific duty. The queen, for example, only lays eggs, the drones have duty to copulate the queen, and the workers have to take care of the queen, drones and larvae. They are also responsible for seeking flowers and nectar.


Description

To obtain good production, the farmers have to be able to provide the most productive flowers nearby the cultivation or they have to travel through forests, bushes, and plantations to find them. The best flowers can produce ample material for bee products. Many people like to consume honey because it is believed to give benefit for health, The Holy Koran says that the bee stomach produces some liquid that is very beneficial for human health.


Read this report text!
Volcanoes
General Classification

A volcano is a mountain which is formed by the eruption of material from the earth’s interior through a central opening or groups of openings. Volcanoes are scattered over the world. Volcanoes can be divided into three categories based on volcano forms and type of volcanic activities. They are Shield, Composite and Explosion volcanoes

Description

A shield volcano is formed chiefly of layers of basalt (a dark, heavy lava). A few shield volcanoes are composed of andesite ( a related, less dense type of lava).

Description

A composite volcano has more frequent and violent explosive eruptions than shield volcanoes do. Lava may be extruded from either central crater or fissures on a volcano’s sides.

Description

Explosion volcanoes are composed of inclined layers of pyroclastic debris and contain no lava. During the eruption, debris is ejected from the crater. Most explosion volcanoes are formed during one period of eruption


To make it clear, please remember the concept of Report text below!
REPORT

Social Function:

To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

Schematic Structure:

General statement/ classification: introduces the topic of the reports
Description : provide details of topic such as physical appearance, behaviour, landform and uses (typically organized in paragraph)


Notes:
1. Simple Present Tense is mostly used in the report text either in active sentences or in passive sentences.
2.The use of Relational process, such as: is, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as etc.
3.The use of special nouns that denotes the characteristics of the thing such as: features, forms, functions, species etc.
4.The use of special technical terms such as: the parts of the body (e.g: brain, vein, vascular), the parts of the tree (e.g: stem, root, leaf, branch), the parts of machine (e.g: gear, screw, bolt etc).
5.No temporal sequences are used. If there is (e.g: first, second, third, the last etc). it only indicates numbering not an event.

Sources:
Cahyono, Kristiawan Dwi and Eka Purnama.2006. Communicative Competence 2B: A course in Acquiring English Communicative Competence, For Senior High School Level, Grade XI Semester 2. Jombang: CV Karunia Agung

Sudarwati and Eudia Grace.2007. Look Ahead: An English Course for Senior High School Students Year XI, Science and Social Study Program. Jakarta: Erlangga

Passive sentences in the Simple Past - Exercise

Explanation: Passive

Rewrite the given sentences in Passive voice.

Example:
Frank built a house.
_____________________

Answer:
A house was built. or A house was built by Frank.

1) She bought four apples.
.
2) We won the match.
.
3) The man stole the blue car.
.
4) The police arrested the thieves.
.
5) Jack swam the 200 metres.
.
6) The dog bit the old lady.
.
7) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.
.
8) Oliver taught the children.
.
9) Victoria rode the brown horse.
.
10) Grandmother told good stories.

PREFACE


Alhamdulillahi rabbil alamin, the writer express his gratitude tio the God almight that has guided and merced , so that the God could finish her writing in this makalah. Salawat and salam attended to the great prophet Muhammad SAW, it would not be possible to produce a work of this kind without assistance and guidance from many people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere thanks to them particularly to the following individuals, they are :
Firstly, my beloved parents, who always give the financial, support,their love and pray for the writer and also my sister and my brothers who had given me support and for all my family.
Secondly, the writer said thank for all my friends about their support and suggesstion because their suggesstion will make perfect my makalah.
Finally, for all people who have given suggesstion and ideas. The writer should also express her thanks.

Kamanre, 18 January 2011
The writer

Passive Voice
Kategori: Grammar - Dibaca: 1511 kali
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
Future : be (setelah modals)
Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

Jack sings a song (active)
A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

Jack has sung a song (active)
A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

Jack will sing a song (active)
A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

Jack is singing a song (active)
A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

Jack can sing a song (active)
A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive

1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

Help the poor (active)
Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

It is time to send the letter (active)
It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

Don�t wait for me (active)
You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus

Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

This food tastes delicious (active)
This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

I consider her very pretty (active)
She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

He gave me a book (active)
A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
This wall needs painting.

Kali ini kita akan membahas tentang Quoted Speech Reported Speech (kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung).

Quoted Speech sifatnya aktif, sedangkan Reported Speech Pasif.

Contoh:
Quoted Speech (EXACT) Reported Speech (Not EXACT)
Joshua said, "I love eating chocolate ice cream after dinner." Joshua said that he loved eating chocolate ice cream after dinner.


How are quoted speech and reported speech different? There are 5 things that are different:

1.

Quoted speech has quotation marks; reported speech does not use quotation marks.
2.

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example, in the above sentence with quoted speech the pronoun I is used, whereas the sentence with reported speech uses the pronoun he.
3.

In reported speech, the word that is often used after said, but that is optional.
4.

Quoted speech is exactly what the person said.
5.

The verb in reported speech is changed to the past; some modal verbs do not change. There are rules to follow when changing the verb. Please see the chart below.



Contoh:
Quoted Speech (EXACT) Reported Speech (NOT EXACT)

Note

Jordan said, "I cook rice every day."


Jordan said that she cooked rice every day.


Jordan said, "I am cooking rice."


Jordan said that she was cooking rice.


Jordan said, "I cooked rice."


Jordan said that she had cooked rice.


The past tenses all use had + past participle. To see a list of irregular past participles, click here.

Jordan said, "I have cooked rice."


Jordan said that she had cooked rice.


The past tenses all use had + past participle. To see a list of irregular past participles, click here.

Jordan said, "I had cooked rice."


Jordan said that she had cooked rice.


The past tenses all use had + past participle. To see a list of irregular past participles, click here.

Jordan said, "I will cook rice."


Jordan said that she would cook rice.


Jordan said, "I am going to cook rice."


Jordan said that she was going to cook rice.


Jordan said, "I can cook rice."


Jordan said that she could cook rice.


Jordan said, "I may cook rice."


Jordan said that she might cook rice.


Jordan said, "I must cook rice."


Jordan said that she had to cook rice.


Jordan said, "I have to cook rice."


Jordan said that she had to cook rice.


Jordan said, "I should cook rice."


Jordan said that she should cook rice.


These modals do not change when used in reported speech.

Jordan said, "I might cook rice."


Jordan said that she might cook rice.


Jordan says, "I cook rice every day."


Jordan says that she cooks rice every day."


When you use the words say, has said, or will say (not said), the verb tense remains the same for both the quoted speech and reported speech.

Jordan has said, "I cook rice every day.


Jordan has said that she cooks rice every day."


When you use the words say, has said, or will say (not said), the verb tense remains the same for both the quoted speech and reported speech.

Jordan said, "Cook rice."


Jordan told me to cook rice.


Jordan will say, "I cook rice every day."


Jordan will say that she cooks rice every day."


When you use the words say, has said, or will say (not said), the verb tense remains the same for both the quoted speech and reported speech.



Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah kata yang di cetak tebal dan garis bawah.

Pada artikel kali ini, saya akan membahas tentang Social function,Generic structure dan Language features dari 12 Genre, yaitu Procedure, Recount, Narrative, Description, News Item, Report, Analytical Exposition, Spoof, Hortatory Exposition, Explanation,Discussion dan Review


PROCEDURE

Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.

Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

Language features :

* Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
* Use of action verbs (turn, put)
* Use of connectives(first, then, finally)


RECOUNT

Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Generic Structure of Recount:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

* Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
* Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
* Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
* Use of adverbial phrases
* Use of adjectives


NARRATIVE

Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

Generic Structure Narrative:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

* Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
* Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
* Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
* Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)


DESCRIPTION

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure descriptive:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

* Focus on specific participants
* Use of attributive and identifying processes
* Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
* Use of the Simple Present Tense


NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features news item:

* Information on the use of head lines.
* Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
* Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
* Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
* Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)


REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.

Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

* Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
* Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
* Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
* Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
* Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)


ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.

Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

* Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
* Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
* Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
* Usually present tense
* Compound and complex sentences


SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.

Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

* Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
* Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)


HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

* Emotive words: alarmed, worried
* Words that qualify statements: usual probably
* Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
* Usually present tense
* Compound and complex sentences
* Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must


EXPLANATION

Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

Generic structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing

Language features explanation:

* Focus on generic, non-human participants.
* Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.


DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)

Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

* Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
* Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
* Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
* Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
* Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
* Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
* Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
* Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.


REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience

Generic structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

* Focus on specific participants
* Use of adjectives
* Use of long and complex clauses
* Use of metaphor
* Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

pa itu Soof Text? Spoof text adalah Teks yang berisi tentang cerita lucu. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, pasti kalian suka mendengar cerita lucu, atau yang disebut anekdotsmile_teeth. Dalam membuat teks spoof, kalian harus bisa bermain kata-kata sehingga bisa menghasilkan suatu cerita lucu.

I think spoof bisa diartikan sebagai suatu cerita yang unpredictable, dimana kejadian lucu itu sendiri disajikan hanya di akhir cerita. Beda tentu jika kita menonton film lawak yang dari awal sampai akhir menyajikan peristiwa yang lucu. Banyak yang menyamakan cerita lucu dengan aktivitas yang bisa membuat orang tertawa seperti terpeleset di depan umum, salah kostum, dsb. Menurut saya aktivitas yang saya sebutkan terakhir adalah aktivitas yang memalukan bukan lucu. Lucu bukan berarti memalukan smile_embaressed.

Generic Structure Spoof di awali dengan ORIENTATION, yaitu pengenalan tokoh, tempat, dan waktu. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan EVENT, yaitu urutan kejadian secara detail. Lalu di akhiri dengan TWIST, yaitu bagian terlucu.

Contoh Spoof text bisa di baca pada artikel sebelumnya..

One day a monkey wanted to cross a river. He saw a crocodile in the river, so he asked the crocodile to take him across the other side. The crocodile told the monkey to jump on its back. Then the crocodile swam down the river.
Now, the crocodile was very hungry, so when it was in the middle of the river, it stopped and said to the monkey, ”Monkey, my father is very sick. He must eat the heart of the monkey. Then he will be strong again.”
The monkey thought for a while. Then he told the crocodile to swim back to the river bank.
“What’s for?” asked the crocodile.
“Because I didn’t bring my heart with me,” said the monkey. “I left it under the tree, near some coconuts.”
So, the crocodile turned around and swam back to the bank of the river. As soon as they reached the river bank, the monkey jumped off the crocodile’s back and climbed up to the top of a tree.
“Where is your heart?” asked the crocodile.
“You are foolish,” the monkey said to the crocodile. “Now I am free and you have nothing.”
The monkey told the crocodile not to try to fool him again. The crocodile swam away, hungry.

Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.

A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments

B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition

1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.


Now read this text of Hortatory Exposition!

A Campaign of the Importance of Reading

Thesis:

Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of reading

Argument 1

Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.

Argument 2

Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.

Argument 3

A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.

Recommendation

Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.
Written by Cahyono KD



Read this text of Hortatory exposition!

Corruption
Thesis
(Announcement of issue concern)

Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

Argument 1

The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Argument 2

Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation

I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005


To make it clear, please remember the concept of Hortatory exposition below:

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Text Organization
A thesis
Arguments
Recommendation

Language Features:
•The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
•The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
•The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
•The use of compound and complex sentence
•The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
•The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we